Method and system for financial advising

ABSTRACT

A method of providing financial advice to a client that provides sufficient confidence that their goals will be achieved or exceeded but that avoids excessive sacrifice to the client&#39;s current or future lifestyle and avoids investment risk that is not needed to provide sufficient confidence of the goals a client personally values. The method comprises obtaining typical client background information, as well as a list of investment goals, and ideal and acceptable values in dollar amounts and timing for each goal. The client is then asked to provide their preferences for each goal on the list compared to each other goal in the list, wherein the client&#39;s preference is expressed in terms of the price, in money or time, that the client is willing to pay in one goal to achieve another goal or a greater amount or sooner timing of other goals on the list. A matrix can be used to express these value contrasts. A recommendation is then created using the portfolio value, and the client goal preferences and the ideal and acceptable values of goals, by simulating models of the relevant capital markets and investing exclusively in passive investment alternatives to avoid the risk of potential material underperformance of active investments under the premise of avoiding investment risk that is not needed to confidently buy the client the goals they personally value. The recommendation may include a range of portfolio values over their life or time horizon within which the client&#39;s portfolio should remain in order to ensure the recommendation remains within a “comfort zone”, which represents sufficient confidence that the client&#39;s goals will be achieved while avoiding excessive current sacrifice. Periodic monitoring of the recommendation is also performed to capture changes to the client&#39;s goals and actual portfolio values based on the results of the capital markets. Appropriate changes to the recommendation can then be made to ensure that the recommendation remains within the “comfort zone”.

This application is a continuation-in-part application of copending-U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/014,378, filed Dec. 15, 2004, by David B.Loeper, titled “Method and System for Financial Advising”, which is anon-provisional application of U.S. provisional application Ser. No.60/530,144, filed Dec. 17, 2003, by David B Loeper, titled “Method andSystem for Providing Investors Financial Planning Advice, GivingConsideration to Individual Values, Without Unnecessary Sacrifice orUndue Investment Risk with Accurate Confidence Levels,” and is relatedto co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/916,358, filed Jul.27, 2001, by David B. Loeper, titled “Method, System and ComputerProgram for Auditing Financial Plans,” which is a non-provisional ofU.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/221,010, filed Jul. 27, 2000,by David B. Loeper, titled “Method, System and Computer Program forAuditing Financial Plans”; and is related to U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/434,645, filed Nov. 5, 1999, by David B. Loeper, titled“Method, System, and Computer Program for Auditing Financial Plans,”which is a non-provisional application of U.S., Provisional applicationSer. No. 60/107,245, filed Nov. 5, 1998, the entirety of each of whichapplications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of financial services, and inparticular to a new method of financial advising.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The field of financial advising includes various best practices. Thesebest practices include identifying a client's financial goals (e.g.desired retirement age, desired annual income at retirement, desiredvacation budget in retirement, desired estate value at death. etc.). Insome application of general industry practices, but not all, clients arealso asked to rank the stated goals in relative order of importance.Generally accepted “Best practices” also include identifying theclient's risk tolerance and creating an investment allocation aimed atproducing the highest return for the client's risk tolerance and thenbased on that allocation's expected return, calculating the savingsneeded to achieve the client's goals. In a conventional approach, todetermine the client's risk tolerance a financial advisor uses a risktolerance questionnaire or asks the client about their tolerance forinvestment risk defined by various mathematical methods like standarddeviation, semi-variance or more commonly the largest level of annualportfolio losses with which the client could tolerate. This risktolerance inquiry may be more nuanced, such as attempting to determinethe amount of assets or percentage of value of a retirement plan thatthe client is willing to put into assets of various risks. Whatevermethod of attempting to identify the client's risk tolerance is used,the result of this inquiry is then used in recommending an allocationand related investments to an individual Often, investors are advised toaccept a risk tolerance that is at or near the client's maximumendurance level for losses and or risk in their portfolio value.

Often the allocations are tested using a Monte Carlo simulation based onassumptions of the capital markets, samples of historical data, or both.The results of these simulations normally are used to convey aconfidence level and/or a percentage risk of failure to achieve adesired income level, assets at retirement or any other of the client'sidentified goals.

In other approaches, such as wealth management, the client may definetheir risk tolerance and goals, and the advisor may provide adviceregarding asset allocation relative to those risks and goals. Often, thefinancial advisor has the capability of running Monte Carlo simulationsof future returns of various financial plans. These simulations canprovide results which include a confidence level and therefore either animplicit or explicit percentage risk of failure to achieve a desiredincome level, assets at retirement, ending estate value, or other goalsAs before, the client may be advised to allocate their assets in theasset classes modeled and to invest in a variety of managed or unmanagedportfolio choices. Advisors may advise the client that actively managedinvestment alternatives can exceed the performance of the asset classesthemselves (i.e. that they can outperform the market). Often, the factthat such actively managed investment alternatives also carry the riskof materially underperforming the market may not be adequately conveyedto the client by the advisor, or such risk may simply not be adequatelyunderstood by the investor, or the advisor and that uncertainty is notnormally considered in the confidence calculation which normally relieson the simulated performance of only asset classes to consider theeffect of the uncertainty of asset class returns. Therefore theadditional uncertainty that active management risks potentiallyunderperforming the various asset classes is normally not considered Itis ignored and therefore renders the confidence level of suchsimulations in essence meaningless

Typical disclaimers used in the industry, which are in significant partintended to provide legal safe harbor to the advisor (e.g. “pastperformance is not a guarantee of future results”), may not adequatelyconvey to the client the nature of the risk in actively managedinvestments This is because normally the confidence calculation wasbased on the uncertainty of asset class returns; but actively managedportfolios may equal, exceed or under-perform their respective assetclasses thereby introducing additional uncertainty absent from theconfidence calculation. Therefore, what that confidence number means mayor may not be fully understood by the client, or the financial advisorfor that matter

Furthermore, current approaches often involve periodic reviews of theperformance of the client's portfolio. As part of the review the clientmay be provided with a chart, graph or other representation of how theirportfolio has performed relative to the various capital markets (i.e.the client's optimal allocation to various asset classes for their risktolerance). If performance was lower than expected or assumed by theadvisor in the original consultation, the client may be advised tochange investment managers, wait for a more favorable environment forthe manager's “style” or perhaps increase the amount contributed to theportfolio. Alternatively, the client may be advised to eliminate one ormore of the lowest-ranked goals. If, on the other hand, performance wasbetter than expected, the client will typically not be advised to reducethe amount contributed to the portfolio, even if such a reduction basedon the superior performance is possible (i.e., maintaining the original“risk tolerance” level).

Thus, there is a need in the industry for a new method of financialadvising that eliminates the substantial uncertainties associated withinvesting the client's assets in actively managed investmentalternatives, does not position clients at their maximum tolerance forrisk if there are more appealing choices the client could make thatenable them to have sufficient confidence of achieving the goals theyvalue and thus eliminates the aforementioned difficulties associatedwith conveying such risks to the client. Furthermore, there is a need toprovide clients with periodic feedback that does not simply chart howtheir portfolio has performed relative to the market, but ratherprovides clients with a practical understanding of the concrete impactthat the performance of their portfolio has had their desired goals.There is also a need for a more nuanced approach to evaluating clientgoals, which comprises more than a simple linear ranking of goals, butrather which interrelates all of the client's goals so that the clientcan make more informed and satisfying choices about their goals in lightof the performance of their portfolio. As a result, the inventive systemwill be more highly valued by clients compared to current approaches.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The method of the invention is directed to applying a new method offinancial advising that is more appropriate and more highly valued byindividuals because it is more reliable, because it avoids the risk ofmaterially underperforming markets, because it accurately exposes notonly risk over the long-term confidence of exceeding a set of financialgoals, but importantly also accurately discloses and demonstrates theshort-term risks of change to the plan that are out of both the client'sand financial advisors' control, and because it continually is modifiedbased upon both fortunate and unfortunate portfolio results, changinggoals and priorities as well as the best choices the client can makebased on their personal goals to maintain adequate confidence. Theadvising discipline includes a new method of identifying and assessingnot only the client's goals, as in traditional services, but alsoidentifying and assessing the price that the client is willing to pay inone goal to “buy” another goal (or portion of a goal) that is valuedmore highly. The method also includes a means of modeling theuncertainty in future markets so that represented confidence levels canbe easily and fully understood by the client.

The method includes a means of using probability analysis to define thebalance between too much uncertainty and too much sacrifice. Thus, themethod combines mathematical market simulation with the profiling of theclient's goals, and the balance between too much and too little risk, toproduce both a recommended package of goals and an investment strategythat balance the desire to have sufficient confidence, avoid unnecessaryrisk, yet make the most of the client's lifestyle arid do so in a mannerthat is easily understood by the individual investor. Thus, Monte Carlosimulation and/or historical market analysis can be used to model marketuncertainty in a manner that provides the client with a balance ofsufficient confidence yet that also avoids undue sacrifice to theirgoals.

Further, the method includes investing exclusively in passiveinvestments, for which it is possible to mathematically prove in allmaterial respects the risk of underperforming or outperforming thetargeted asset allocation. This is unlike actively managed investments,which carry the risk of material uncertainty of underperforming orpotentially outperforming the asset allocation strategy,

The method further comprises a periodic review and reanalysis of theclient's goals and the effect of the market's impact on one's goals aswell as new advice that continuously improves, maintains or corrects thechoices the client is making in their life goals and portfolio based onboth the market's impact as well as changing goals and priorities.Quarterly reprioritization of goals can be performed, to eliminateoutdated goals or goals that have become unimportant for any reason, andto add new goals. The periodic review and reanalysis also includesreviewing value of the client's portfolio to ensure that it remainswithin the “comfort zone,” i.e. the balance between insufficientconfidence and too much sacrifice to one's lifestyle.

By properly assessing the client's goals and their relative weighting,both unacceptable sacrifice and insufficient confidence can be avoided.The proper relative weighting of goals, in accordance with the clientssubjective assessment and the advisor's interpretation of thatassessment, is important in providing advice that minimizes anysacrifice as perceived by the client. A recommendation should include atarget value for each goal not worse than the acceptable value and notbetter than the ideal value. A recommendation under this method offinancial advice will have rational, sufficient confidence yet avoidexcessive sacrifice to one's goals. Clients are preferably provided witha range of future portfolio values that would provide an acceptablerange of confidence as demonstrated in FIG. 5. Recommendations arereviewed periodically for changes in client's goals, changes inpriorities among clients goals, and whether the risk of unacceptableoutcomes has become too high (i.e. too much uncertainty which requiresnew advice about the choices the client has to bring the confidencelevel back into the “comfort zone”, or whether the performance of theportfolio has brought them to the point of having choices to increasegoals or reduce risk). Because of the wide range of uncertainty incapital markets and changes to a client's future goals (in mostreasonable probability simulation methods, a client may have an equalchance [i.e. 1 in 1000] at being broke in just a few years or dying witha multi-million dollar estate based only upon the uncertainty of assetclass returns, exclusive of the uncertainty of active investment resultsrelative to the markets and excluding the likelihood of future changesto client's goals) and therefore the notion of being able to havecertainty to avoid an unsatisfactory result is erroneous. Also,attempting to provide the highest confidence level possible, can onlycome at the price of compromising client's goals and/or accepting moreinvestment risk which contradicts the notion of avoiding unnecessarysacrifice to the client's lifestyle. In essence, in the absence of areasoned acceptable range of confidence (i.e. attempting to get to thehighest confidence level possible) no amount of conservatism (sacrifice)is too much. Therefore, this method embraces and manages theuncertainties of the future to provide continuous advice about the bestchoices a client can make about their lifestyle as well as the optimalacceptance and avoidance of investment risk in light of theuncertainties of the future, (not only in the markets, and not only byavoiding the added uncertainty of active investments, but also theuncertainty of the client's desire and willingness to change their goalsor priorities throughout their lives as may be desired, or as may benecessary to obtain reasoned confidence, based on how the capitalmarkets performed.) This method accomplishes this balance of the bestchoices based on what is currently known, what is currently planned tobe desired, and reasonable confidence considering the effect of theuncertainty of future asset class returns on the client's lifestyle andtheir willingness to modify their goals. While traditional bestpractices attempt to be “right” about where a client may end up fallingin the wide range of market uncertainties (assuming they do not changetheir goals and their active portfolio implementation doesn'tunder-perform the asset classes, obviously erroneous assumptions thatrender such advice meaningless) the reality of the wide potentialextremes of outcomes sets up financial advisors and their client's for acontinuous stream of surprises without a means of taking a determinedcourse of action based on random market events. When short-term marketenvironments produce disappointing results in traditional advisingmethods, the typical first course of action, is inaction (i.e. waitbecause we hope in the long term things work out). If short term marketenvironments or fortunate active management selection produceunexpectedly positive results, traditional best practices normal actionis again inaction, merely celebrating the random or skillful fortunateoutcome. By contrast, the present method of financial advising definesspecific values in advance (see FIG. 5) where new advice would berequired (if the clients goals and priorities remain unchanged) allowingclient's to prepare for and know what prudent modifications in terms ofreducing or delaying goals (or accepting more investment risk) makesense based on what has happened in extremely poor environments andwhere client's have the choice to increase a goal or have the goalsooner, or reduce investment risk where results are exceptional, ineither case requiting determined action of new advice needing to bedesigned. Critical to this process is the creation of a confidence rangethat considers the uncertainties of the markets, and that the “actionpoint” or portfolio(s) value(s) (see FIG. 5) for needing compromisingadvice is relatively infrequent (i.e. the client would have littleconfidence in an advisor if half the time their advice is to reducegoals or delay goals and half the time increasing goals). Likewise,before goals are added, moved to an earlier date or portfolio risk isincreased, thus setting a new expectation for the client, it is alsoimportant that there is fairly high confidence the addition or increasein the goals will not need to be compromised again at some future dateif they remain unchanged by the client. Therefore depending on theapproach used to calculate probabilities and how well the assumptionsare designed to calculate the probabilities, the preferred embodimentwould have more than half of random market environments requiring nochange, less than one in five requiring a compromise and the remainingenvironments requiring a positive change to goals, or reduction inportfolio risk, assuming client goals are unchanged and the uncertaintyof active investing is avoided (These are approximations meant to conveythe notion that clients would be more satisfied with an approach whereportfolio results enabled what was anticipated, or planned on, is eitheron track or better in a significant majority of client review meetings).This method accomplishes this by defining the comfort zone where normalmarket environments do not require new advice (unless the client changestheir goals or priorities), where particularly poor markets must beprobabilistically extreme to require compromising advice, and wherefairly frequent positive random markets results in occasional, but morefrequent (than negative outcomes), opportunities to produce advice aboutimprovements to goals (or portfolio risk reduction). Such a relationshipwith a financial advisor, where things are normally “on track”, wherepoor markets are “still on track”, where extremely poor markets havesome prudent advice solutions that are unlikely to be extreme and whereoccasional favorable markets have positive advice improvements,dramatically improves the comfort and confidence the client has in theadvisor, and the advisor's advice and more importantly about theclient's lifestyles An example of defining such a range would becalculating all of die future portfolio values throughout the client'stime horizon needed to have 75% confidence of exceeding the client'scurrently recommended goals (ice, 750 of 1000 statistically potentialportfolio results) and the portfolio values that would have 90%confidence (i.e. 900 of 1000 statistically potential portfolio results)in exceeding all of the client goals (See FIG. 5).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A to 1C constitute a flow diagram outlining the method of thepresent invention;

FIG. 2 is an exemplary report generated in accordance with the presentmethod;

FIG. 3 is an exemplary goal prioritization matrix in accordance with thepresent method;

FIG. 4 is an exemplary report generated in accordance with the presentmethod;

FIG. 5 is an exemplary chart generated in accordance with the presentmethod.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A new method for financial advising is disclosed with the goal offinding a balance for the client between insufficient confidence (i.e.too much uncertainty) and unnecessary sacrifice. Current techniquesattempt to identify the client's maximum tolerance for risk, and then tooptimize asset allocation based on that maximum risk, withoutconsideration of whether such risk is warranted. The client isperiodically advised of the status of their portfolio based on actualperformance of the markets Typically, this status review consists of arecitation of the performance of the client's portfolio compared to themarket. Less often, the client is provided with an updated % risk of notachieving their stated goals, or current probability of “achieving”goals (which is actually the chance of exceeding, but rarely isdisclosed as such). If actual performance of the client's investmentportfolio is poor, the client will usually be advised to stick to theirlong term plan in hope that things work out in the long term or lessfrequently to increase contributions to the portfolio or to eliminateone or more of their low-ranked goals. Alternatively, if performance isbetter than expected, the client may be advised to make no changes (evenif it would be possible for the client to contribute less, while stillmaintaining the same risk of exceeding their investment goals).

The present method is intended to help the client make the most of theone life they have, by confidently achieving the goals the clientuniquely values, without needlessly sacrificing their current lifestyleand by avoiding unnecessary investment risks. Thus, the method obtainsfrom clients only that information that is necessary and material forthe advisor to understand the client's goals. It identifies the idealdreams of the client as well as the acceptable compromises, and thepriorities and proportion in amount and timing among each. It alsoavoids unnecessary risk, and provides performance benchmarks that arepractically understandable to the client (e.g. “buying the beachhouse.”) It further provides a comfort range based on a rational levelof confidence in performance of the investment alternatives, therebyavoiding too much uncertainty as well as too much sacrifice. It providesa means of working with the client to provide solutions based onacceptable compromises to achieve prioritized goals, and provides theclient with an understandable analysis of the progress made towardgoals, while allowing the client to change goals or priorities ondemand.

Thus, the method is used to subject the client to no more risk than isnecessary to achieve the client's goals (ices no more investment riskthan is necessary to permit the client to live life in the best possibleway while achieving the goals that the client values most highly orpartially in proportion to other goals).

Additionally, the method implements a new notion of how each of theclient's goals interrelate to one another, and the number of goalachievement options that exist depending on the client's desires. Themethod comprises organizing a range of goals, interrelating their timing(i.e. when each is expected to be “achieved”), and amounts (i.e. therelative dollar “cost” of each goal)

The method allows the advisor and client to reorient and re-evaluategoals going forward as a means for reconfiguring the client's portfolioand desired goals for the future. Thus, based on actual marketperformance, the client can be advised (or at least presented with theoption) to change or reprioritize their goals or reduce or increaseinvestment risk. For example the client may be advised that their highlyvalued investment goals can be achieved simply by delaying retirementfor one year (the date of retirement in this case is not a criticallyvalued goal of the client), or by dropping the number of annual vacationtrips at retirement from 4 to 1 Furthermore, the method allows theadvisor and client to make slight changes in goal priorities that couldallow the client to keep a low-ranked goal, even though portfolioperformance has been lower than normal. This differs from presentmethods in which advisors simply advise the client to “wait for the longterm” (i.e. no action) save more money or eliminate one or more of thelowest ranked goals when the portfolio performs poorly.

In one aspect of the invention, an assessment of goals of an investor iscarried out by a financial advisor. The financial advisor may be anindividual, an organization, or one or more organizations, and mayinclude the use of programmed computers. The investor may be any legalor natural person or group of persons. Typically, the investor will bean individual or couple, but could also be an institution that has aninvestment portfolio and liabilities it wishes to fund like anendowment, pension find, or foundation. The example below is tailored tofinancial advising for individuals or couples However, such principlesmay be applied to investors other than individuals; for example, theseprinciples may be applied to charities seeking proper management offunds or endowments. In this example, a financial advisor will obtaincertain information from the individual or couple, who will be referredto as the client.

Referring to FIG. 1A, the financial advisor may ask the client forcertain background information at step 105. This information istypically briefer and easier to obtain than the type of informationtypically required in designing a financial plan. Because of the amountof uncertainties in the future, the information collected does not needto be as arduous as is typical in planning because there are manydetails that are immaterial in the context of the overall vastuncertainty of the future. In general, such information includes broadbut not detailed information about the client and the client's currentfinances, information about anticipated future income of the client, andthe like. Information about the client includes such as age (or ages ifthe “client” is a couple), current assets, current income, currentresidence, and current expenses. Information about future income will bein the nature of assumptions as to future income from sources other thaninvestments, such as earned income, Social Security, pensions and othersources of resources. Residence is important for calculation the impactof local taxes, including state, count and municipal taxes. The natureof this information will vary if the technique is applied to investorsor clients who are not individuals.

Having received this relatively straightforward information at step 110,the financial advisor now asks the client to identify their goals, as atblock 112. Goals typically include the availability of resources atvarious times, such as a range of annual income during retirement, adesired range of funds in an estate at a particular point, a range ofdesires for anticipated large expenditures, such as educational expensesfor a child, major future purchases such as a vacation home, aretirement vacation travel budget, a desired estate value at death, orany other expenditure of any description. Goals can be relativelyserious or frivolous, and no accounting between the two is made duringthe goal identification phase of the method because traditionalfinancial planning methods have advisors coaching clients about beingrealistic in goal setting which eliminates the potential for achieving“frivolous” goals this method of financial advising would enable.Furthermore, the kinds of goals will vary between clients. For example,a childless couple may have no need for an estate or to pay foreducation. The advisor should be careful to elicit all of the goals ofthe clients including both common goals and those that are rare or evenunique to the client. The advisor, having obtained the identity of thegoals, at block 113, then can ask the client to identify an ideal valueof each goal, as at step 115. Values of goals can be in the form of anideal retirement age, or an ideal number of annual vacation trips duringretirement. Other values can be in the nature of one or more plannedcash withdrawals at one or more defined points in the future, or forrecurring expenses or a future major expense (e.g. “the beach house”).The value of goals may also include amounts and timing of savings to beadded to the portfolio prior to retirement.

Ideal values of goals are those values which the client most prefers ineach separate category, without regard to whether achieving each ofthose ideal values is realistic. The advisor should communicate that theideal goals need not be realistic, all taken together. In general,clients will want to save less, retire sooner, avoid risk, have agreater retirement income, and have a larger estate, and the idealvalues of goals will reflect these desires. Any appropriate verbalformulation may be used by the client and advisor to communicate theideal value of each goal. The ideal value can be expressed variouslydepending on the nature of the goal, as noted above, in terms of timing(ideally as soon as possible) and values (ideally as much as possible).The ideal values of goals are received by the advisor, as indicated byblock 120, and recorded.

The advisor can then ask the client to identify “acceptable” values ofeach goal, as indicated by block 125. An acceptable value of a goal willgenerally the a smaller dollar value, such as of annual retirementincome, an estate, funding for education of children, or a large futurepurchase or a later date, such as when one retires or a later date for alarge future purchase that the client would find as acceptable, i.e.they would be satisfied compromising the goal (or delaying it) to thatlevel if it were necessary to achieve another goal they personallyvalued more.

It should be noted that the acceptable size or timing of a goal is notthe smallest or latest bearable or tolerable amount, but rather is theamount that is sufficient for the client to be reasonably pleased. Whena value represents a time, such as retirement age or a date of a majorfuture purchase, to be deemed an acceptable value of that goal, the datemust be sufficiently soon that the client will be reasonably happy. Itwill be understood that a variety of verbal formulations can be used bythe client and advisor to communicate the acceptable value of each goal.The acceptable goals are received, as indicated at block 127.

An exemplary illustration of ideal and acceptable values for a varietyof goals is shown in FIG. 2, in which the “client” has identified anideal retirement age of 63 years, and an acceptable retirement age of 68years. Likewise the client has identified an ideal travel budget goal of$25,000 and an acceptable value of $5,000.

Upon receipt of these values, the client is then asked to providerelative values for each of the goals, as indicated at block 128. Thesemust be provided in a numerical form for purposes of calculation, butcan be obtained in verbal form from a client and then converted to anumerical form through interpretation by the advisor The client may beprompted to provide the relative value, of for example, achieving anearlier retirement date, versus their lifestyle once retired, ofincreasing the amount saved each year prior to retirement, of reducingtheir travel budget prior to or during retirement, of reducing theamount of an estate, of reducing the maximum amount available foreducation of children, and the like. For example, while it may beacceptable to have a $5,000 travel budget, would it be worth it to youto delay retirement one year if it meant you could have a $10,000retirement travel budget. The set of relative values may involve, ifdone in other methods without the limiting bounds of ideal andacceptable profiling as in this method, a rather unwieldy large set ofquestions, which could be presented in the format of a questionnaire Butthis method, having the constrained bounds of ideal and acceptable goalsto work from, simplifies the process to merely giving a relative valuecontrast amongst goals, learned by the advisor in a simple conversationor perhaps with the aid of a simple goal matrix.

There are numerous manners of inquiring about such preferences. Forexample, relative weighting may be inquired in a verbal format, such as“Is an early retirement as important as, less important than, much lessimportant than, more important than, or much more important than, havingadditional income during retirement?” The questions may be asked withquantitative values, such as “Is delaying retirement by five years aboutthe same as, much preferable to, somewhat preferable to, somewhat lesspreferable to, or very much less preferable to, having $3,000 less inannual spending during retirement?” As goals are generally expressed interms of timing and monetary amounts, the comparisons will involverelative weighing of these types of values. As will be appreciated, thismanner of questioning and of relative weighing of goals can and will beapplied to all of the goals identified by the client so that acomprehensive interrelation of goals is developed and will beconceptually understood by the financial advisor for him or her toformulate their recommendation for the client. This conceptualinterrelation will enable the client and financial advisor to obtain adeeper understanding of the relative importance of each of the client'sgoals that is substantially more nuanced than techniques in the priorart that require the client simply to rank goals in ascending ordescending order. The interrelation can provide insights to the clientthemselves about the relationships of goals in a way that they may nothave previously considered nor understood.

Ultimately, a goal matrix is developed, similar to the one illustratedin FIG. 3, in which goals are listed on the vertical and acceptablecompromises are listed on the horizontal. As can be seen, the matrix canprovide an easy visual comparison of each individual goal against eachother goal. In the illustrated embodiment, the client has identifiedthat in order to reduce the investment risk in the portfolio, they wouldbe willing to retire later and/or reduce the size of their estate. Afurther analysis shows that, as to the latter two goals, the clientwould be willing to reduce the size of their estate in order to achievetheir early retirement age. Arranging goals in a matrix allows thefinancial advisor to determine the relative importance of each goalcompared to each other goal, which then allows the advisor to propose arecommendation that provides sufficient confidence and comfort ofachieving or exceeding those goals each client uniquely values, withoutunnecessary sacrifice to their lifestyle and avoids unnecessaryinvestment risks. Alternatively, the financial advisor can use thematrix to identify lower ranked (perhaps even frivolous) goals which canbe achieved either through a minor change in the client's investmentallocation (i.e. a minor increase in investment risk) or only slightlyreducing or delaying other goals. Providing such an additional benefitto the client will result in significant customer satisfaction, comparedto traditional practices of profiling the client to be realistic at thebeginning which would ignore what would otherwise be considered afrivolous goal, or in simple ranking methods where frivolous goals wouldbe completely eliminated due to their low rank.

The use of a matrix provides an additional advantage, in that it canpoint out apparent contradictions in the client's relative valuations ofgoals As can be seen from FIG. 3, a contradiction appears in theclient's prioritization of retirement age and estate size. The client inthis example has identified that in order to achieve their earlyretirement age they would be willing to reduce the size of their estate,however, they have also identified that in order to achieve their estategoal they would be willing to retire later. The identification of thiscontradiction highlights the many times fine differences exist betweengoal values, and thus can be used by the advisor and the client toobtain a deeper understanding of the actual relative prioritization ofthese goals. In the illustrated example, upon identifying the conflict,the advisor could ask the client more detailed questions about theirrelative prioritization of estate value versus retirement age or ifthere are preferred values for either between the ideal and acceptableextremes the advisor may want to consider when designing arecommendation. For example, if delaying retirement by only one yearconfidently “buys” an estate equal to what the couple inherited fromtheir parents of say perhaps $500,000 (far above the acceptable minimumestate, yet far below the ideal as well) the client may be willing tomake that trade of delaying retirement one year. Likewise, the clientmay be willing to compromise their estate below that $500,000 number ifmany other goals (travel budget, retirement lifestyle, retirement ageetc.) must be compromised to only acceptable levels to have sufficientoverall confidence.

After receipt of the relative goal value information, as indicated atblock 129, the financial advisor uses the matrix to develop arecommendation, as indicated at block 130. In the analysis, the idealand acceptable values of goals are taken as extremes of each of thegoals (i.e. they are bookends) Each goal has a representative dollarvalue of achievement (e.g. cost of the “beach house,” cost of “child'scollege tuition”, both in ideal—the most, and acceptable, i.e.adequate—i.e. life is still good, not a sacrifice) These assembledvalues along with the advisor's understanding of the relative prioritiesamongst goals are used by the advisor to build a recommendation.

The advisor then uses these values and performs simulations of variousmodel allocations, and making assumptions about the future performanceof the associated capital markets. The advisor uses the results of thesesimulations in combination with the goals matrix of FIG. 3 to determinewhich model allocation will allow the client to achieve their mosthighly valued goals, which goals, if any, will need to be adjustedcloser to their “acceptable” value, and which goals can be achieved ator near their “ideal” value. Likewise, using this method the advisor canalso recommend which lower value goals can be achieved with only slightmodifications to the values of other goals (e.g. increase pre retirementsavings by $X to achieve one more Jamaica trip per year in retirement).

As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, a varietysimulations can be performed. In a preferred embodiment of the inventivemethod, the capital market assumptions are those based on the assumptionthat assets in a portfolio will be invested passively. As previouslydiscussed, investing in actively managed investment alternatives carriesa risk of materially underperforming the relevant asset classes to whichthe investment belongs thereby introducing a risk not being modeled ifone uses only the risk and return characteristics of the asset classes.Although actively managed investments also carry the potential forreturns that are substantially above those of the associated asset classor classes, it is known that any active implementation has the potentialfor a wide range of possible outcomes (from materially underperformingthe market or asset class to substantially out-performing the market,and all points in between) thus also carrying and introducing a level ofrisk that is difficult, if not impossible, to adequately predict, andthus can provide widely varying outcomes from year to year. Also, in theabsence of being able to know this risk, any confidence numberspresented to the client can be substantially flawed if this additionalrisk beyond the asset class uncertainty was not considered. Saying aclient has 82% confidence if investing in these asset classes (i.e.,passively) may be a reasonably and directionally sound representation.However, saying the client has 82% confidence based on the asset classesmodeled, then investing in a manner that introduces an opportunity forexceeding market results and a risk of materially underperforming marketresults (neither of which were modeled) makes that confidence number ofquestionable value to the client because it can be substantially flawedThus, recommendations should not include investing any assets in anyactively-managed fund. The fact that a given fund or fund manager hasdone better than the markets in the past is not an indication that thefund will be more successful in the future. The uncertainties involvedin investing in any manner other than fully passive investment create adivergence between the predicted probability. Rather, the inclusion ofactively managed fiends in a recommendation creates an additionalelement of uncertainty. Moreover, there is no reliable model forpredicting this additional element of uncertainty, although one canmodel potential impacts of the amount of uncertainty introduced andbased on the confidence and comfort targeted under this method, even asmall amount of active uncertainty (i.e. well below any actualhistorical ranges) introduces an irrational investment risk that couldbe avoided With a managed find, one cannot use statistical techniques toaccurately model the risk of underperforming or outperforming the marketbut the possible risk it introduces can conceptually be estimated andshown to be an irrational risk this method of advising would avoid basedupon a key tenet of the method of avoiding unnecessary investment risks.

By contrast, the use of passive investment alternatives provides arelatively high degree of predictability to the forecast simulations.Although such investments have essentially no chance of eversignificantly outperforming the associated asset class or classes, butlikewise they will never materially under perform their classes by morethan their expenses which can be accurately modeled. Thus, passiveinvestments form the basis for investing using the present method, byavoiding the unnecessary risk of potentially material marketunder-performance.

The model used to simulate market results is preferably one that bears arealistic relationship to actual historical market returns. However, awell-designed model should not slavishly follow the data available forhistorical markets. Historical market data is available for only alimited period of time, and only represents a portion of the outcomespossible in the future. A well-designed model is valid regardless ofshort-term market changes. A model that slavishly follows marketreturns, such as modeling based on the most recent twenty years, changeseach time new data is added. Even for long periods of time, such as 30years, the limited historical data the industry has shows that forvolatile assets like large cap stocks, 30-year returns based on monthlydata back to 1926 show a 30-year average return ranging from 7.17% to14.29%. If one uses either of these 30-year results as an input to asimulation engine, they would be simulating a 50% chance of doing betteror worse than the market has ever done, which is statisticallyerroneous. Such dependence on trailing returns is not appropriate for areliable model of market behavior. Indeed, depending on the time periodselected, there will be significant variation when a model based ontrailing returns is tested against actual historical returns. A modelwith higher levels of confidence will not be so dependent on the data. Amodel using Monte Carlo analysis is preferred to model the possiblefuture results to enable the expansion of the probability that we havenot yet seen either the best or worst the markets may produce.

A well-designed model will show various defined characteristics whencompared with historical results. Of course, in conducting such acomparison, it should be kept in mind that historical results representa relatively short period, and a relatively small number of potentialresults. A well-designed model should include results, in such areas asaverage return and standard deviation, at the extremes that fall beyondactual historical results. For example, at the 5th and 95th percentiles,simulated results should be respectively, higher and lower than the 5thand 95th percentile for historical results depending on the number ofsimulations being run . . . i.e. mathematically the greater extremeswill exist in larger number of simulations, though their probabilitiesof occurrence once a statistically valid number of simulations has beenrun will be too remote of a probability to be useful in advising aclient about a dynamic and changing set of goals and priorities. Thebest and worst results should be better and worse than the best andworst historical results. Otherwise, the simulation would indicate thatthe worst or best possible results had occurred in the relatively shortperiod of time for which there is accurate data. The amount of thevariation should depend on the volatility of the asset class. Forexample, simulated results will be very close to real results at the50th percentile for Treasury bills, and will generally be further awayfrom real results as the market becomes more volatile, such as smallcapitalization stocks. Testing should also indicate that the variationbetween the simulated returns and actual returns, at the extremes, isgreater in asset classes with higher volatility For example, the bestand worst results for small cap stocks are likely to be significantlybetter and worse, respectively, than fie historical results If the modelis found not to predict results along the foregoing lines, then themodel may be found to be unrealistic. The modeling assumptions shouldthen be adjusted.

Asset classes can include all U.S. stocks, U.S. large capitalizationstocks, U.S. large capital growth stocks, one or more foreign markets,U.S. mid-capitalization stocks, U.S. small capitalization stocks,Treasury bills and bonds, corporate and municipal bonds of variousmaturity, cash, cash equivalents, and other classes of assets.

The testing of the model should take into account variations inhistorical markets. For example, using randomly-selected historicalresults in the generation of returns in a Monte Carlo simulation canresult in obtaining an excessive number of selected results from eitherbull or bear markets. If data from those markets appears excessively insimulated returns, the simulated returns can be skewed excessively in apositive or negative direction. Thus, the inputs for the Monte Carlodata should be selected so that unusual results, such as those from theunusual bull markets of the 1990's, or those from the long bear marketof 2000 to 2003, are not over represented.

Models which are found to predict that an excessive percentage ofoutcomes will be worse than history are inappropriate, as a plan basedon such a model is likely to result in unnecessary sacrifice to thelifestyle of the client. Similarly, models which are found to result inan inappropriately large percentage of outcomes superior to history willoverstate the confidence that the client can have in the recommendation.Models that fail to account for fluctuations in markets (e.g., assuminga constant annual rate of return) will miss significant risks associatedwith market fluctuations and completely ignore the uncertainty of futuremarkets.

By employing these simulated return techniques, the advisor designs anappropriate recommendation for the client. In the process of designing arecommendation, the financial advisor tests the effect and sensitivityto various goals based on their conceptual understanding of relativepriorities and iteratively works their way to the best solution amongthe goals, priorities and desire to avoid or tolerance to acceptinvestment risk. The recommendation that results will at a minimumfulfill at least all of the acceptable values and dates of the goals ofthe client while providing as little deviation as possible from theideal values of those goals that the client has indicated are mostimportant. The goal matrix is used in this process. This may be aniterative process for the advisor, and it may involve the creation of anumber of test plans that are developed and compared using the goalsmatrix. While one might be tempted to create a testing algorithm, therequired inputs would be unwieldy as previously discussed and thepractical reality that the client's goals and priorities will changethroughout their life anyway (client's are not clairvoyant) make such aneffort a rather useless expense of energy and lead to a false sense ofprecision that is inadvisable considering the vast uncertainties of thefuture.

The financial advisor will develop these recommendations using acomputer having various background information relating to the clientstored therein. Thus, the client's background information will typicallybe stored in memory or on some form of storage medium, and a programrunning on the computer (or a connected computer via a networkconnection) will use the background information in concert with themarket simulation techniques to develop the recommendation. Therecommendation will include a current asset amount, the time and amountof all contributions currently planned) to the portfolio assets, thetime and amount of all withdrawals (currently planned) from theportfolio assets, and allocations of assets among one or more classes ofpassive investments, which allocations may be constant or may change atvarious times.

The appropriate recommendation will have sufficient but not excessiveconfidence of exceeding a recommended result for each goal, not betterthan the ideal value and not worse than the acceptable value. Aspreviously noted, a recommendation with better than the ideal value of agoal is considered undesirable, because it would indicate that someother goal has been sacrificed unnecessarily or that the client issacrificing too much by contributing more to the portfolio than isnecessary and thus will have less cash available for present (i.e.non-retirement) use. If the ideal value of the goal has been properlyelicited from the client, a target better than the ideal value will beof no or almost no additional value or utility to the client.

It will be understood that a part of the process of the evaluation underthis method is running a series of simulations using appropriatemodeling, as discussed above. It will be appreciated that appropriatemodeling provides superior results. i.e. does riot contain un-modeledrisks As previously explained, the modeling of capital markets ispreferably carried out assuming passive investment alternatives. Theadvisor may rely on prior testing of capital market models, or may takethe additional step of conducting a comparison. As indicated at step140, the appropriateness of the model for the particular recommendationmay be tested by comparing against historical results, using techniquesexplained in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/434,645,filed Nov. 5, 1999, titled “Method, System, and Computer Program forAuditing Financial Plans,” to David B. Loeper, the entire contents ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein. As noted above, if themodeled results differ significantly from historical results at the 50thpercentile, or differ inappropriately at the extremes, then the modelmust be re-evaluated and altered to provide appropriate results. This isindicated at step 145. The recommendation can then be reevaluated, andmay need to be altered by the advisor, as indicated at step 150.

The selected recommendation can then be presented to the client (step155) in a report similar to that shown in FIG. 2, which can be part of alarger report, in electronic or hard copy form. The recommendation willinclude an assessment of the current confidence level, the recommendedsize and timing of goals, recommendations for investment, and a range ofportfolio values within which it is not necessary to re-evaluate,whether any changes are needed based on the market's behavior(identified by the “comfort level” zone in FIG. 2). The portfolio value“zones” will be discussed further below in connection with FIG. 5. Therecommendation includes recommended values of each goal, not better thanthe ideal value, and not worse than the acceptable value. Investmentrecommendations are preferably classes of assets which are passivelyinvested (e.g. large cap, mid cap and small cap stocks, foreign stocks,Treasury and or municipal or corporate fixed income securities, and cashequivalents).

The client can review the recommendation, and provide feedback orquestion the advisor about the recommendations for the impact ofalternative allocations, recommended values between the ideal andacceptable goals, etc, This could be needed due to the conceptual natureof the discussion of relative priorities. These reasons may point out anerror in the data obtained as to the identity of the goals, the idealand/or acceptable values of the goals, and/or the relative valuesembodied in the goal matrix. After consultation, the advisor can makethe appropriate changes, and then repeat the steps above of designing arecommendation. The revised recommendation is then provided to theclient.

Using the relative goal-weighting technique, it can often be found thata relatively small change in one goal (e.g. increasing retirement age byone year where client loves their job and doesn't mind working anadditional year), can be sufficient to make a significant change inanother goal (e.g. buying beach house 5 years earlier). In general, byincreasing savings during working years, delaying retirement, andreducing spending during retirement, a greater likelihood of EXCEEDINGall of the clients identified goals exists. However, it is an importantfeature of the present invention that the advisor and client recognizethat such steps involve some certainty of sacrifice for the client, andthat a recommendation that achieves too high a certainty of exceedingall or most of one's goals more goals may not be desirable because itcan unduly sacrifice current or future enjoyment of the only life theclient has.

Once again, the importance of investing in passive investmentalternatives is considered key to providing the client with arecommendation that includes an accurate estimate of the confidencelevel being represented. As previously stated, a reasonable estimate ofthe confidence level can only be provided when both reasonable capitalmarket assumptions are used and passive investments are assumed. If theadvice to be provided were to be for investment of one or more assets inmanaged funds, or in individual stocks, individual parcels of realestate, or other assets that behave differently than the capital marketsthat were modeled, then the confidence being represented to the clientwill be flawed because the specific uncertainty introduced cannot bepredicted with certainty, was not included in the confidence calculationand therefore cannot be modeled to produce any particular confidencelevel that would be representative. A recommendation of managedportfolios, carries a degree of unpredictability that makes them lessdesirable for use with the present method because of this uncertainty ofheir future behavior (we can reasonably estimate potential marketuncertainty but not how any one money manager may behave) and theimportance of the confidence calculation being an reasonable estimate inthe value provided in this method (an obvious contradiction exists ifone is measuring and advising to have sufficient but not excessiveconfidence but how one implements it introduces an unknowable effect onconfidence that isn't modeled).

FIGS. 2 and 4 show an exemplary form used to convey informationregarding the recommendation to a client. The method of profiling theclient's goals can be understood by comparing the resultingrecommendation for two clients with identical background information andideal and acceptable values of goals, but who have different relativeweightings of those goals. In the example of FIG. 2, although not shown,the client has prioritized the following goals: (a) retirement income,(b) minimum savings prior to retirement, (c) educating their son throughgraduate school, and (d) maximizing their travel budget in retirement.The resulting recommendation meets their desired low level of savings,annual travel budget, and support of their son's education, while othergoals are compromised much closer to the acceptable level butimportantly are generally not completely eliminated unless the value tothe client was extraordinarily low in context of other goals. In theexample of FIG. 4, the recommendation reflects goals that, although notshown, are significantly different than the previous client The highlyvalued goals of the client in FIG. 4 are: (a) early retirement, and (b)a minimum value of an estate—here, an estate of $1,000,000 (in thisclient's case their desire was to not spend principle and wanting tomaintain the real spending power of their portfolio). The goals areachieved here by compromising the amount of savings prior to retirementas well as an increased investment risk.

FIGS. 2 and 4 also place the recommended, ideal and acceptable values ofgoals on a continuum of comfort assessment. This combined package of theclient's life long goals along with the recommended investmentstrategy/allocation to passive investments and approximate currentportfolio values are combined to calculate those future portfolio valuesnecessary to have sufficient confidence (i.e. avoid too muchuncertainty) and those potential future portfolios values that wouldplace them at excessive confidence (i.e. too much sacrifice to theirlifestyle). In this example, there are three categories:“uncertain”—where confidence is deemed too low to have reasonablecomfort about one's ability to live as currently planned and recommendedand the risk of undesired material changes is therefore too high, and isthus unacceptable; “sacrifice”—where there is a certainty of giving upexcessive time or current or future spending and leaves one with a veryhigh likelihood (i.e. 90%) of leaving an estate larger than planned atthe price of other goals and/or unnecessary investment risk (volatilityof the investment portfolio); and “comfort”—which provides anappropriate balance between the risk of too much uncertainty and toomuch lifestyle sacrifice. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, the “comfort” rangeresides between 75% and 90% confidence, The recommended values of goalswill be somewhere within this “comfort” range. The acceptable values ofgoals normally fall in the “sacrifice” region, while the ideal values ofgoals normally reside in the “uncertain” region. While this is notnecessarily always the case, ideal and acceptable sets of goals thatfall in inappropriate areas offer another opportunity for the advisor tocoach the client about needing to be more realistic about theiracceptable goals (i.e. if the acceptable falls below the comfort zone)or to coach the client that they can have grander aspirations (i.e. ifthe ideal goals fall into the sacrifice zone). As the graphical displayshows, there is a range of potential outcomes and targeted potentialportfolio values where if one's goals remain unchanged there is noreason to be concerned. i.e. comfort This range will of course vary forthe particular client.

The “comfort” or “confidence” values represent the results of thehistorical market analysis and/or Monte Carlo analysis of the relevantcapital markets based on the passive investment allocations recommendedby the financial advisor In one embodiment, 1000 market environments,both good and bad, are simulated based on thoroughly analyzed capitalmarket assumptions designed in a manner to realistically model thenature of the potential range of capital market outcomes. The “comfort”or “confidence” level is the percentage of those 1000 simulations inwhich the client's goals are exceeded.

In order to appropriately implement and manage the recommendationcreated using the method as described so far, it is important that theadvisor and client periodically monitor the effect of the capital marketresults on the progress being made of the recommendation in order tokeep the client rationally confident about their financial future yetavoid undue sacrifice or capitalize on opportunities to reduceinvestment risk. As part of this monitoring step, the advisor and clientcan make changes necessary to maintain a recommendation within the“comfort” zone throughout its life. This periodic review is importantbecause it allows the advisor and client to efficiently react to makeappropriate changes to the recommendation when actual market performanceis outside of the performance needed to maintain confidence, and avoidsacrifice. It also allows the client and advisor to address any changesto the client's goals or relative priorities among goals that haveoccurred since the previous review period Thus, for example, whereactual market performance for the period were worse than required tomaintain sufficient confidences the advisor can recommend a change inallocation, an increase in contribution amount, or a change in valuesand/or prioritization of goals in order to maintain the client withinthe “comfort” zone. Corresponding changes can be made where actualmarket performance for the period was better as well offering theopportunity to increase goals, obtain goals earlier, or reduce theportfolio risk.

The periodic review advantageously will also capture changes to theclient's goals, or their ideal/acceptable values of those goals. Thisprovides a degree of flexibility to the recommendation that correspondsto the natural changes in the client's life and their financial andother priorities. Thus, where the client originally identified “payingson's education expenses,” as a high priority goal, this goal could beeliminated where, for example, the son receives a scholarship or decidesnot to attend college. Likewise, if the client is the beneficiary of alarge family estate payout, the Pre-Retirement Savings value could bechanged accordingly.

Additionally, even if the client does not add or delete goals, they willbe requested to review their existing goal matrix to incorporate anychanges to the relative prioritizations of their goals represented inthe matrix.

Once any/all changes have been identified, a calculation can be made ofneeded portfolio values necessary for the client to remain in the“comfort” zone. These results can be provided to the user in the form ofa graphical display similar to that shown in FIG. 5, in which portfoliovalue is indicated on the vertical axis and client age is indicated onthe horizontal axis. Again, the “comfort” range is identified in thecenter, with “sacrifice” and “uncertain” above and below, respectively.

It will be understood, referring to FIG. 5, that the range of portfoliovalues based on the uncertainty of passive portfolio allocationnaturally narrows as the end point of the plan, and a certain dollaramount, is approached. Thus, the middle range in FIG. 5 represents theportfolio values that would produce 75% to 90% confidence at each yearthroughout the client's life. This is in contrast to current methods ofprobability based financial advising, in which the range of riskactually expands toward the end point of the plan.

The calculation, behind FIG. 5 for instance, that is needed to solve forthe portfolio values throughout the planning horizon to maintain anytargeted range of confidence levels starts with the ending point of theplanning horizon (for instance an ending point based upon randommortality). The calculation is based on various behavioral rules and taxassumptions through multiple iterations and gives the amount of assetsneeded any amount of time in the future needed to have X confidence(sufficient) or Y confidence (excessive, i.e. sacrifice) for whatevergoals would remain for that point in time forward. This method ofcapital market modeling simulation is called “The Reverse IterationAlgorithm.”

Further discussion of the example shown in FIG. 5 is useful to betterdefine the accounting method disclosed therein. Specifically, thecalculation used to plot the graph of FIG. 5 is based on a reversecapital markets modeling iteration algorithm. The calculation begins bytaking a targeted end date and portfolio value. In FIG. 5, the end dateis when the client turns age 95. At present (on the graph), the clientis age 54. The end portfolio value that is sought is one million dollars($1,000,000,00). The calculation works by combining the end date andportfolio value with the investment goals of the particular client. Theiteration then runs backward from the end date to the next prior date(on an annual sample) to solve for the amount of money needed the yearbefore the end date to have targeted confidence that the goal will bereached. Without the reverse iteration algorithm, there is no way toactually calculate how much is needed to have a targeted confidence ofobtaining the end portfolio value. In one example, the capital marketsmodel is a Monte Carlo type of simulation as discussed herein. Ofcourse, having run the reverse iteration for the year closest to the enddate to solve for this value, the claimed method continues to run thealgorithm to solve for the values needed each valuation point backwardto the present. This is valuable, because it establishes the solved forvalues of what one needs in value today, or over the next year, to havea predetermined amount of confidence of obtaining the client goals.

Traditional Monte Carlo Simulation methods in the financial servicesindustry measure the confidence level or range of all potential outcomesgoing forward from a fixed starting point and set of goals, cash flows,market assumptions, etc. for some fixed period of time (i.e. 35 years or1 year or a random period of time) and solve for a confidence level ofexceeding or meeting the set of goals based on the assumptions. Numerouscommercial applications have been developed that solve for suchconfidence levels because knowing one's odds is valuable. However, thereis a significant difference between knowing the odds of exceeding aresult over a period of time (say 80% confidence of exceeding thedesired result over the next year) and solving for the portfolio valuesto have sufficient, but not excessive confidence. In most commercialapplications in financial services, one might know they have 80%confidence of having more than $1 million a year from now based on aseries of assumptions about current portfolio values, spending and/orsavings goals and market results. Through detailed evaluation of theoutput of such existing commercial systems, one might discover they havea 50% chance of having more than $1.1 million, and a 10% chance ofhaving more than $1.3 million over the next year. One might alsodiscover that there is a 10% chance of having less than $900,000 overthe next year (or whatever period of time the analysis is run.) This isthe essence of what is output from most commercial Monte Carlo orProbability analysis systems.

While the traditional Monte Carlo analysis is useful, there is asignificant lack of information that can otherwise be discovered by theReverse Iteration Algorithm. That information goes beyond solving forthe chances of what might happen to a million dollar portfolio over thenext year or two (or 30 for that matter) but instead solves for how muchportfolio value would be needed to have any specific targeted confidencelevel. This is mathematically different than taking a fixed startingvalue and through random results calculating a future value. Insteadthis starts with an ending value and solves for a present valuenecessary to have a specific confidence level. Current commercialapplications may solve for things such as the savings needed to produceX confidence, the portfolio allocation that would produce the highestconfidence, etc but do not (due to their lack of the Reverse IterationAlgorithm) calculate the portfolio values needed to have X confidenceover the course of the next year, two years, etc. for whatever goalsremain at that point in time. So while in current applications, onemight know only that there is a 10% chance of having less than $900,000over the course of the next year, the Reverse Iteration Algorithm mightexpose that for one client such a decline might put their confidencelevel too low to be comfortable (i.e. less than 75% for example), whilefor another client, invested in the same portfolio but with somewhatdifferent future goals, a decline of 15% would be required to causetheir future confidence level to be below 75% (for example). Once thesevalues are calculated (based on targeted confidence as used in thereverse iteration algorithm) the values that are solved for in theReverse Iteration Algorithm can then be combined with traditional MonteCarlo Simulation to solve for the odds of the portfolio incurring such adecline. So while traditional Monte Carlo Simulation or otherProbability Analysis Methods might be able to solve for the odds of theportfolio being worth less than $900,000 over the next year, the absenceof targeted confidence and the Reverse Iteration Algorithm does notenable them to disclose the amount needed to have any particularconfidence level at any point in time, nor does it disclose the odds ofthe portfolio performing in a manner that would cause one to drop belowtheir targeted confidence level, nor does it tell them the odds of theportfolio performing in a manner that would produce excessiveconfidence, nor is it able to calculate the odds of the portfolioremaining within a desired confidence range. These are obviously alluseful results that could expose risks that it would be helpful toanticipate or provide comfort the risks might be low. This comfort aswell as disclosure of risks that the combination of Monte CarloSimulation for portfolio values along with the previously disclosedmethod of solving for portfolio values needed (the Reverse IterationAlgorithm) for targeted confidence enable advisors for the first time toprovide comfort based on a unique set of client goals. The graphicaldifference between tradition Monte Carlo and the Reverse InterationAlgorithm demonstrated in FIG. 5 where the comfort zone range of valuesconverge at the end of the plan where in typical Monte Carlo Simulationthe range of future values diverge.

Returning again to FIG. 5, the assumptions made in addition to thetarget end date and portfolio value to obtain the points on the graphinclude any spending or other goals, other resources available likepensions that could pay for said goals, taxes that might need to be paidon capital gains, interest and dividends on the portfolio(s) andpension, the investment allocation and associated capital marketassumptions that determine the range of potential outcomes, etc.

Using the inventive method, the financial advisor and client are able tomake periodic adjustments to the client's recommendation in order toensure it remains within the “comfort” zone. The financial advisor willadvise the client to review and change the portfolio if the valueapproaches the edge of, or falls outside of, the comfort zone If themarkets have unexpectedly high returns, such as those from anextraordinarily unusual bull market, for a time period near thebeginning of the recommendation, the plan assets, or portfolio assets,will likely exceed the upper limit for that year (or other time period).Thus, the advisor can recommend a change to the recommendation thatwould move the plan from the “sacrifice” zone back down into the“comfort,” zone. Such changes could, for example, include a reduction inAnnual Savings (FIGS. 2, 4), a reduction in portfolio risk, increasingplanned retirement income, etc. Alternatively, if the markets havereturns that produce portfolio values less than the lower limit of thecomfort zone, the advisor would recommend similar changes to the plan(e.g., a change to goals or values of goals, increase investment risk ortiming of goals) to place it back within the “comfort” zone. Aspreviously mentioned, how often such events occur is controlled by thetarget confidence range. If the range were in the middle, say a comfortrange of 43-57%, many market environments would require significantreductions to goals (nearly half) Whereas if the range is too small, say80-82%, while negative adjustments would be less frequent, positivechanges would occur very frequently only with a frequent likelihood ofneeding to be reduced once again in the future. While the specificvalues of 75-90% are riot rigidly required (obviously these aredependent on how the capital market assumptions are built as well) thenotion is that market behavior driven changes are not frequent and areunlikely to be very extreme by measuring confidence toward a tail of thedistribution with the odds tilted in favor of exceeding client goals(clients can change their goals and priorities at any time and isobviously always better to get a better understanding of what how theywould like to live their life), and positive changes to goalrecommendations are more frequent than reductions or delays in goals,and that positive improvements to recommendations (enhancing recommendedgoals) are no more likely to need to be reduced again later than anyrecommendation previously made (again, controlled by measuringconfidence toward the distribution tail that favors odds tilted towardexceeding the results).

Likewise, if there is a bias in the capital market assumptions whichcaused the modeling to be inaccurate, the portfolio value review willtend to reveal such assumptions. For example, if the assumptions wereoverly pessimistic, the portfolio value might tend toward the upperlimit of the comfort zone. If the assumptions were overly optimistic,the portfolio value might tend toward the lower limit of the comfortzone. Appropriate changes to the assumptions can then be implemented.

Referring to FIG. 1B, the step of monitoring the current status of therecommendation and making appropriate changes is indicated at step 160,while the step or reassessing client goals is indicated at step 165, andthe step of preparing new recommendations based on those goals and theclient's current situation and evaluating the model used to generatesuch recommendation is indicated at steps 130-150. It is noted that thetiming of this periodic review is not critical, though in a preferredembodiment the review would occur at least quarterly. When an alterationoccurs in the clients goals or their relative importance, as noted inblock 175, the financial advisor must obtain the client's new range ofideal and acceptable goals and/or their new relative weighting, asindicated at step 180. The financial advisor then prepares a newrecommendation for consideration, incorporating the client's currentgoals and relative perceived values, and develops a proposedrecommendation based on the modified goal information, as indicated atblock 130. A revised recommendation is presented to the client (step155), along with a range of portfolio values within which the clientwould remain in the comfort zone and would therefore not requirereassessment if goals and priorities have not changed. If theperformance of the markets (and therefore also the passively investedportfolios) which cannot materially under perform the markets andassuming the cost of such passive investments incorporated in theanalysis) is within the appropriate range, and the client's goals havenot changed, then the current recommendation, with current passiveinvestments, is used, as indicated by step 190.

Providing the client with an assessment similar to that of FIG. 5 ishighly advantageous to the client because it provides a clear and easilyunderstandable indication of progress toward the goals they wish to plantheir life around, and clearly places that progress within the contextof the balance between undue sacrifice and excessive uncertaintypreviously discussed. Using the present method, the client will easilybe able to tell, based on what has happened with the performance of theportfolio, when a change in the recommendation is required to maintainthat balance.

The present method significantly differs from conventional prior artmethods in that prior art methods often attempt to assess the risk basedmerely on a client's stated willingness to endure losses in theirportfolio or some other mathematical method. Such a willingness toendure risk bears little or no relationship to whether accepting suchrisk makes sense for what the client wishes to achieve when consideringacceptable compromises to goals that would enable them to accept lessinvestment risk Also, using such a prior art risk assessment, the clienthas no way of knowing whether or when losses incurred as time passes aresufficient to trigger a review of the traditional financial plan.

The present method also differs from the prior art in that it employspassive investments whose potential wide range of future potentialbehavior can be relatively accurately estimated. This is in contrastwith typical financial planning systems which advocate the use ofactively managed investment alternatives, which introduce a risk thatthe client's portfolio may materially under perform the associated assetclasses, and whose future behavior can not be accurately estimated.

It should be noted that the client should be advised that a reassessmentof the recommendation is advisable whenever a goal is added/deleted, theideal or acceptable values of an existing goal has changed, or therelative priorities of any of the existing goals has changed (step 175).The same is true for changes in background information, such as where aclient receives a significant inheritance, thereby increasing thepresent portfolio balance. Previously acceptable goals for savings maybecome unattainable, such as where a client loses a job and is thereforeforced to save less or when the client receives a promotion that maymake additional savings less of a burden and thereby enabling more, orgreater, or sooner goals to be modified, or portfolio risk reduced.Additionally, acceptable and ideal values of goals for post-retirementspending may change if a client is promoted and becomes accustomed to amore expensive lifestyle; a child who was expected to requiresubstantial college tuition payments may choose not to go to college ormay obtain a scholarship, thereby eliminating a goal of providing forthe child's education. Likewise, a client may change jobs or careers anddecide that an early retirement is of less value to then than othergoals.

It will be understood that the process of monitoring the status of therecommendation and the client's goals mid their relative importancepreferably will continue throughout the duration of the financialadvising relationship with the client.

Aside from the arbitrary and routine scheduling of conferences with aclient to monitor the status of a recommendation tat has been made tothe client, an additional useful tool is a calculation of an estimatedchance that the recommended investment allocation will result in a valueoutside the comfort zone. In other words, the particular client goalsand the details of the recommended allocation for each client maysignificantly contribute to the chance that the recommended investmentallocation will result in a value better than the ideal value and worsethan the acceptable value at the end of a predetermined time period.

An illustrative example is helpful to examine the calculation of thisestimated chance and how it will vary depending on different clientgoals. Two clients each have current portfolios worth one milliondollars ($1,000,000.00). Both clients can “tolerate” 100% equLityexposure. Both clients are 60 years old. Both clients would naturallydesire avoiding needless investment risk. And both clients currentlyhave 82% confidence in meeting their goals with a particular recommendedallocation. Client no. 1 wishes to accumulate an estate worth threemillion dollars ($3,000,000.00), and he does not plan on making anycontributions or withdrawals from his portfolio. Client no. 2 isplanning to retire in three years and withdraw a steady forty thousanddollars ($40,000.00) per year in real dollars and wishes only to leaveone hundred thousand dollars ($100,000.00) at the end of thecalculation. The analysis is run for a 35-year lifetime whichcorresponds to age 95 for each of the clients. The purpose of thisaspect of the present invention is to account fox the uncertainly of howinvestments may perform over the short term within the parameters of theclient goals.

For the first client with no contributions or withdrawals from hisportfolio, using the Reverse Iteration Algorithm, and assuming that thegoals and priorities for the client do not change, there may be a remotethree out of 100 chance that any single year's market result would causethe client to fall above the comfort zone and also a three out of 100chance of falling below the comfort zone. Therefore, given that client'sunique situation, the financial advisor is able to tell the client thatthere is a specific estimated chance that the market performance maycause the recommended allocation or other changes to goals need to beadjusted by the end of any single year. This may assist the financialadvisor and client with respect to scheduling of periodic monitoring andexpose the reality of the risks of short-term market performance, or inthis example, provide significant comfort that in all likelihood, thingswill be on track. Alternatively, the estimated chance of falling out ofthe comfort zone is itself a valuable number for consideration by aclient.

The picture with respect to the estimated chance of falling out of thecomfort zone is immensely different for client no. 2 who is retiringsoon and planning on making regular distributions from his portfolio.For this client, there is a 50% likelihood that market results for hisparticular recommended investment allocation would have caused theclient to slip into the sacrifice zone above the comfort zone.Additionally, 7% of historical results for his specific recommendedinvestment allocation would cause his investment to drop below thecomfort zone (more than twice the risk of client no. 1, but consistentwith the frequency of positive meetings with the client, still arelatively low risk). The bottom line is a 57% chance that, using theReverse Iteration Algorithm analysis, that the recommended allocationmay require an adjustment in allocation or an adjustment to the clientgoals.

The foregoing calculation of the estimated chance is a separate toolfrom the comfort zone analysis otherwise described herein and as shown,for example, in FIG. 5. The estimated chance calculation is a tool forfinancial advisors to let them make sensible recommendations forportfolio reviews with a client. The estimated chance is useful for theclient to likewise evaluate the recommended allocation and the timing offuture reviews with the financial advisor.

The method of providing advice according to the invention can begeneralized. In a generalized form, a method of the invention is used toprovide investment advice as well as advice about the best choices aboutlife goals given at least two goals (one being some targeted end valueor series of spending goals or liabilities, and the other being thedesire to avoid unnecessary investment risk). In this generalizedmethod, a client may be an individual, corporation, or institution.Background information may include a current portfolio value, currentprogram expenses, and current development expenses, for example. Theclient is prompted to identify a spending or target end goal, theirtolerance for investment risk and their desire to avoid investment risk,and identify both ideal and acceptable values for each. The goals mayvary depending on the nature of the client. For example, for acharitable institution engaged in planning investment of an existing ornewly donated sum, the goals may include levels of investment risk, adesired annual income for programs, an annual budget for development anda desired value of a portfolio at a certain date in the future. Theclient is then prompted to identify relative values of such goals. Acharitable institution may weigh a desire to engage in present spendingagainst a desire to have a large sum in the future for a capitalproject. A recommendation under this method appropriate to the client,the goals, the ideal and acceptable values of each goal, the relativevalues of all goals, may then be developed. As with otherrecommendations, the investments must be passive, in order for theconfidence assessments to be directionally accurate. A range of valueson a year-by-year basis (or other time period) may be provided withinwhich the goals of the client can be reasonably confident of exceedingsuch goals, yet avoiding undue sacrifice or excessive compromise to thegoals can be calculated. If the value of the portfolio falls outsidethis range, then the recommendation should be reviewed. Similarly, ifbackground information changes, if goals are added or deleted, or ifideal or acceptable values of goals change or the relative weight ofgoals change, then the recommendation should be reviewed.

The method of providing advice, including the steps of obtainingbackground information the client, identifying a set of client goals,identifying ideal and acceptable values for each goal, and identifyingrelative weighting of the various goals, and designing a recommendationwith results for each goal not better than the ideal value and not worsethan the acceptable value, may be applied using a variety of techniquesof measuring the confidence and or likelihood of various outcomes. Inone preferred embodiment, the technique of using a Monte Carlo basedmodel of capital markets, properly considering the market's uncertaintyand behavior in random time periods and specifically not ignoring therisk of active investments potential risk of material underperformanceis assessed and can be used in the development, and in the futureassessment of the confidence of a recommendation, even if therecommendation is not developed and reviewed using the goal-basedmethods set forth above.

The present invention can be embodied in the form of methods andapparatus for practicing those methods. The present invention can alsobe embodied in the form of program code embodied in tangible media, suchas floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other machine-readablestorage medium, wherein, when the program code is loaded into andexecuted by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes anapparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can alsobe embodied in the form of program code, for example, whether stored ina storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a machine, ortransmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electricalwiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagneticradiation, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed bya machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes ail apparatus forpracticing the invention. When implemented on a general-purposeprocessor, the program code segments combine with the processor toprovide a unique device that operates analogously to specific logiccircuits.

While the invention has been described with reference to preferredembodiments, the invention should not be regarded as limited topreferred embodiments, but to include variations within the spirit andscope of the invention.

1. A method of financial advising comprising: obtaining by a computer alist of a plurality of client investment goals from a client, and foreach goal, identifying ideal and acceptable values, the ideal value ofeach goal being the value for that particular goal that the client mostprefers to achieve, and the acceptable value of each goal being thevalue for that particular goal that is less preferable to the clientcompared to the ideal value but that is still acceptable to the client;performing a first simulation by the computer of a plurality of modelinvestment portfolio allocations over a first predetermined time periodusing a capital market modeling technique, the first simulationaccounting for investments and expenditures planned to occur during thefirst predetermined time period; determining by the computer, using thefirst simulation and the ideal and acceptable values for each goal, arecommendation comprising an investment allocation and a recommendedvalue for each investment goal, where the recommended value for eachgoal is not better than the ideal value and not worse than theacceptable value and wherein the recommendation has a measuredconfidence of exceeding the recommended value for each goal and whereinthe measured confidence is within a predefined range; performing by thecomputer a second simulation of the recommended investment allocationover a second predetermined time period using the capital marketmodeling technique, the second simulation accounting for investments andexpenditures planned to occur during the second predetermined timeperiod; and determining by the computer, using the second simulation ofthe recommended investment allocation, (1) a plurality of upper boundaryportfolio values, each upper boundary portfolio value corresponding to adate in the second predetermined time period, each upper boundaryportfolio value comprising an amount of money calculated to provide afirst predetermined likelihood of exceeding the recommended value foreach goal from a present date until the corresponding date, (2) aplurality of lower boundary portfolio values, each lower boundaryportfolio value corresponding to a date in the second predetermined timeperiod, each lower boundary portfolio value comprising an amount ofmoney calculated to provide a second predetermined likelihood ofexceeding the recommended value for each goal from a present date untilthe corresponding date, (3) a plurality of anticipated future portfoliovalues, each anticipated future portfolio value corresponding to a datein the second predetermined time period, and (4) an estimated chancethat the anticipated future portfolio values will be greater than theupper boundary portfolio value on a corresponding date or be less thanthe lower boundary portfolio value on a corresponding date.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the ideal and acceptable values for each goalcorrespond to at least one of a dollar amount or a time for achievingthe goal.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: communicating bythe computer to the client the estimated chance obtained in the secondsimulation.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the recommended investmentallocation includes only passive investments.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the capital market modeling technique comprises a reverseiteration algorithm.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein performing afirst simulation of a plurality of model investment portfolioallocations using a reverse iteration algorithm comprises: obtaining bythe computer a targeted portfolio end date and a targeted portfolio endvalue; and for each of a plurality of periodic dates over a time periodextending from a present time to the targeted portfolio end date,determining by the computer an amount of money needed to have a targetedconfidence of having the targeted portfolio end value at the targetedportfolio end date.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the periodicity ofthe plurality of periodic dates is annually.
 8. The method of claim 1,wherein the capital market modeling technique of the first simulationcomprises a Monte Carlo analysis.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein thecapital market modeling technique of the second simulation comprises aMonte Carlo analysis.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein thepredetermined time period used in the second simulation is one year. 11.The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining by the computeran initial value of a client investment portfolio.
 12. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: obtaining by the computer a relative valuecomparison between pairs of investment goals within the list of goals;wherein the step of determining the recommendation uses the relativevalue comparison between pairs of investment goals and the simulation ofthe plurality of portfolio allocations.
 13. The method of claim 12,wherein the step of determining the recommendation using the relativevalue comparison between pairs of investment goals further comprisesdetermining whether one or more low valued goals can be achieved withmodifications to the values of other goals on the list.
 14. The methodof claim 12, wherein the step of obtaining a relative value comparisonbetween pairs of investment goals further comprises developing a matrixof the goals that represents the relative comparison between the pairsof investment goals, and wherein the step of determining therecommendation uses the goal matrix.
 15. The method of claim 12, furthercomprising: periodically determining whether the client would like toadd new goals or remove goals from the list of investment goals, orwhether the client would like to make changes to the relative valuecomparison among the goals; and re-performing by the computer the firstperforming and determining steps if the client has added or removedgoals from the list of investment goals, or if the client has madechanges to the relative value comparison.
 16. The method of claim 12,wherein the relative value comparison is represented in terms of theprice, in money or time, that the client is willing to pay in one goalwithin each pair of investment goals to achieve the other goal in thesame pair of investment goals on the list.
 17. The method of claim 1,wherein the ideal value of each goal is expressed either in terms of asoonest time for achieving the goal or a largest dollar value of thegoal; and the acceptable value of each goal is a smaller dollar value ora later date for achieving that goal compared to the ideal value, andthat is still acceptable to the client.
 18. The method of claim 1,further comprising: obtaining by the computer a client targeted end dateand targeted end investment portfolio value.
 19. The method of claim 1,wherein the measured confidence of exceeding the recommended value foreach goal is determined by calculating a percentage of a plurality ofdifferent simulations in which the recommended value for each goal isexceeded.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: comparing bythe computer the calculated percentage of the plurality of differentsimulations in which the recommended value for each goal is exceeded toa predetermined comfort zone; and determining by the computer if thecalculated percentage falls within the comfort zone.
 21. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: periodically monitoring by the computer therecommendation to determine whether, based on a current value of theclient investment portfolio, the measured confidence is still within thepredefined range; and re-performing by the computer the first performingand determining steps if the measured confidence is not still within thepredefined range.
 22. A device for financial advising comprising: aprocessor configured for obtaining a list of a plurality of clientinvestment goals from a client, and for each goal, identifying ideal andacceptable values, the ideal value of each goal being the value for thatparticular goal that the client most prefers to achieve, and theacceptable value of each goal being the value for that particular goalthat is less preferable to the client compared to the ideal value butthat is still acceptable to the client; the processor further configuredfor performing a first simulation of a plurality of model investmentportfolio allocations over a first predetermined time period using acapital market modeling technique, the first simulation accounting forinvestments and expenditures planned to occur during the firstpredetermined time period; the processor further configured for, usingthe first simulation and the ideal and acceptable values for each goal,determining a recommendation comprising an investment allocation and arecommended value for each investment goal, where the recommended valuefor each goal is not better than the ideal value and not worse than theacceptable value and wherein the recommendation has a measuredconfidence of exceeding the recommended value for each goal and whereinthe measured confidence is within a predefined range; the processorfurther configured for performing a second simulation of the recommendedinvestment allocation over a second predetermined time period using thecapital market modeling technique, the second simulation accounting forinvestments and expenditures planned to occur during the secondpredetermined time period; and the processor further configured for,using the second simulation of the recommended investment allocation,determining (1) a plurality of upper boundary portfolio values, eachupper boundary portfolio value corresponding to a date in the secondpredetermined time period, each upper boundary portfolio valuecomprising an amount of money calculated to provide a firstpredetermined likelihood of exceeding the recommended value for eachgoal from a present date until the corresponding date, (2) a pluralityof lower boundary portfolio values, each lower boundary portfolio valuecorresponding to a date in the second predetermined time period, eachlower boundary portfolio value comprising an amount of money calculatedto provide a second predetermined likelihood of exceeding therecommended value for each goal from a present date until thecorresponding date, (3) a plurality of anticipated future portfoliovalues, each anticipated future portfolio value corresponding to a datein the second predetermined time period, and (4) an estimated chancethat the anticipated future portfolio values will be greater than theupper boundary portfolio value on a corresponding date or be less thanthe lower boundary portfolio value on a corresponding date.
 23. Thedevice of claim 22, wherein the ideal and acceptable values for eachgoal correspond to at least one of a dollar amount or a time forachieving the goal.
 24. The device of claim 22, wherein the processor isfurther configured for communicating to the client the estimated chanceobtained in the second simulation.
 25. The device of claim 22, whereinthe recommended investment allocation includes only passive investments.26. The device of claim 22, wherein the capital market modelingtechnique comprises a reverse iteration algorithm.
 27. The device ofclaim 26, wherein the processor is further configured for performing afirst simulation of a plurality of model investment portfolioallocations using a reverse iteration algorithm by performing the stepsof: obtaining a targeted portfolio end date and a targeted portfolio endvalue; and for each of a plurality of periodic dates over a time periodextending from a present time to the targeted portfolio end date,determining an amount of money needed to have a targeted confidence ofhaving the targeted portfolio end value at the targeted portfolio enddate.
 28. The device of claim 27, wherein the periodicity of theplurality of periodic dates is annually.
 29. The device of claim 22,wherein the capital market modeling technique of the first simulationcomprises a Monte Carlo analysis.
 30. The device of claim 22, whereinthe capital market modeling technique of the second simulation comprisesa Monte Carlo analysis.
 31. The device of claim 22, wherein thepredetermined time period used in the second simulation is one year. 32.The device of claim 22, wherein the processor is further configured fordetermining an initial value of a client investment portfolio.
 33. Thedevice of claim 22, wherein the processor is further configured forobtaining a relative value comparison between pairs of investment goalswithin the list of goals, and wherein the processor is furtherconfigured for determining the recommendation using the relative valuecomparison among the goals and the simulation of the plurality ofportfolio allocations.
 34. The device of claim 33, wherein the processoris further configured for determining the recommendation using therelative value comparison between pairs of investment goals further bydetermining whether one or more low valued goals can be achieved withmodifications to the values of other goals on the list.
 35. The deviceof claim 33, wherein the processor is further configured for developinga matrix of the goals that represents the relative comparison betweenthe pairs of investment goals, and wherein the processor is furtherconfigured for determining the recommendation using the goal matrix. 36.The device of claim 33, wherein the processor is further configured for:(a) periodically determining whether the client would like to add newgoals or remove goals from the list of investment goals, or whether theclient would like to make changes to the relative value comparison amongthe goals; and (b) re-performing the first performing and determiningsteps if the client has added or removed goals from the list ofinvestment goals, or if the client has made changes to the relativevalue comparison.
 37. The device of claim 33, wherein the relative valuecomparison is represented in terms of the price, in money or time, thatthe client is willing to pay in one goal within each pair of investmentgoals to achieve the other goal in the same pair of investment goals onthe list.
 38. The device of claim 22, wherein the ideal value of eachgoal is expressed either in terms of a soonest time for achieving thegoal or a largest dollar value of the goal; and the acceptable value ofeach goal is a smaller dollar value or a later date for achieving thatgoal compared to the ideal value, and that is still acceptable to theclient.
 39. The device of claim 22, wherein the processor is furtherconfigured for obtaining a client targeted end date and targeted endinvestment portfolio value.
 40. The device of claim 22, wherein theprocessor is further configured for determining the measured confidenceof exceeding the recommended value for each goal by calculating apercentage of a plurality of different simulations in which therecommended value for each goal is exceeded.
 41. The device of claim 40,wherein the processor is further configured for comparing the calculatedpercentage of the plurality of different simulations in which therecommended value for each goal is exceeded to a predetermined comfortzone to determine if the calculated percentage falls within the comfortzone.
 42. The device of claim 22, wherein the processor is furtherconfigured for periodically monitoring the recommendation to determinewhether, based on a current value of the client investment portfolio,the measured confidence is still within the predefined range; andwherein the processor is further configured for re-performing the firstperforming and determining steps if the measured confidence is not stillwithin the predefined range.
 43. A computer-readable storage mediumhaving computer-readable executable instructions that, when executed bya computer, control the computer to implement a method of financialadvising comprising: obtaining a list of a plurality of clientinvestment goals from a client, and for each goal, identifying ideal andacceptable values, the ideal value of each goal being the value for thatparticular goal that the client most prefers to achieve, and theacceptable value of each goal being the value for that particular goalthat is less preferable to the client compared to the ideal value butthat is still acceptable to the client; performing a first simulation ofa plurality of model investment portfolio allocations over a firstpredetermined time period using a capital market modeling technique, thefirst simulation accounting for investments and expenditures planned tooccur during the first predetermined time period; using the firstsimulation and the ideal and acceptable values for each goal,determining a recommendation comprising an investment allocation and arecommended value for each investment goal, where the recommended valuefor each goal is not better than the ideal value and not worse than theacceptable value and wherein the recommendation has a measuredconfidence of exceeding the recommended value for each goal and whereinthe measured confidence is within a predefined range; performing asecond simulation of the recommended investment allocation over a secondpredetermined time period using the capital market modeling technique,the second simulation accounting for investments and expendituresplanned to occur during the second predetermined time period; and usingthe second simulation of the recommended investment allocation,determining (1) a plurality of upper boundary portfolio values, eachupper boundary portfolio value corresponding to a date in the secondpredetermined time period, each upper boundary portfolio valuecomprising an amount of money calculated to provide a firstpredetermined likelihood of exceeding the recommended value for eachgoal from a present date until the corresponding date, (2) a pluralityof lower boundary portfolio values, each lower boundary portfolio valuecorresponding to a date in the second predetermined time period, eachlower boundary portfolio value comprising an amount of money calculatedto provide a second predetermined likelihood of exceeding therecommended value for each goal from a present date until thecorresponding date, (3) a plurality of anticipated future portfoliovalues, each anticipated future portfolio value corresponding to a datein the second predetermined time period, and (4) an estimated chancethat the anticipated future portfolio values will be greater than theupper boundary portfolio value on a corresponding date or be less thanthe lower boundary portfolio value on a corresponding date.
 44. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 43, wherein the ideal andacceptable values for each goal correspond to at least one of a dollaramount or a time for achieving the goal.
 45. The computer-readablestorage medium of claim 43, wherein the method further comprises:communicating to the client the estimated chance obtained in the secondsimulation.
 46. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 43,wherein the recommended investment allocation includes only passiveinvestments.
 47. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 43,wherein the capital market modeling technique comprises a reverseiteration algorithm.
 48. The computer-readable storage medium of claim47, wherein performing a first simulation of a plurality of modelinvestment portfolio allocations using a reverse iteration algorithmfurther comprises: obtaining a targeted portfolio end date and atargeted portfolio end value; and for each of a plurality of periodicdates over a time period extending from a present time to the targetedportfolio end date, determining an amount of money needed to have atargeted confidence of having the targeted portfolio end value at thetargeted portfolio end date.
 49. The computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 48, wherein the periodicity of the plurality of periodic dates isannually.
 50. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 43, whereinthe capital market modeling technique of the first simulation comprisesa Monte Carlo analysis.
 51. The computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 43, wherein the capital market modeling technique of the secondsimulation comprises a Monte Carlo analysis.
 52. The computer-readablestorage medium of claim 43, wherein the predetermined time period usedin the second simulation is one year.
 53. The computer-readable storagemedium of claim 43, wherein the method further comprises: determining aninitial value of a client investment portfolio.
 54. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 43, wherein the method furthercomprises: obtaining a relative value comparison between pairs ofinvestment goals within the list of goals; wherein the step ofdetermining the recommendation uses the relative value comparison amongthe goals and the simulation of the plurality of portfolio allocations.55. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 54, wherein the stepof determining the recommendation using the relative value comparisonbetween pairs of investment goals further comprises determining whetherone or more low valued goals can be achieved with modifications to thevalues of other goals on the list.
 56. The computer-readable storagemedium of claim 54, wherein the step of obtaining a relative valuecomparison among the goals further comprises developing a matrix of thegoals that represents the relative comparison between the pairs ofinvestment goals, and wherein the step of determining the recommendationuses the goal matrix.
 57. The computer-readable storage medium of claim54, wherein the method further comprises: periodically determiningwhether the client would like to add new goals or remove goals from thelist of investment goals, or whether the client would like to makechanges to the relative value comparison among the goals; andre-performing the first performing and determining steps if the clienthas added or removed goals from the list of investment goals, or if theclient has made changes to the relative value comparison.
 58. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 54, wherein the relative valuecomparison is represented in terms of the price, in money or time, thatthe client is willing to pay in one goal within each pair of investmentgoals to achieve the other goal in the same pair of investment goals onthe list.
 59. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 43, whereinthe ideal value of each goal is expressed either in terms of a soonesttime for achieving the goal or a largest dollar value of the goal; andthe acceptable value of each goal is a smaller dollar value or a laterdate for achieving that goal compared to the ideal value, and that isstill acceptable to the client.
 60. The computer-readable storage mediumof claim 43, wherein the method further comprises: obtaining a clienttargeted end date and targeted end investment portfolio value.
 61. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 43, wherein the measuredconfidence of exceeding the recommended value for each goal isdetermined by calculating a percentage of a plurality of differentsimulations in which the recommended value for each goal is exceeded.62. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 61, wherein the methodfurther comprises: comparing the calculated percentage of the pluralityof different simulations in which the recommended value for each goal isexceeded to a predetermined comfort zone; and determining if thecalculated percentage falls within the comfort zone.
 63. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 43, wherein the method furthercomprises: periodically monitoring the recommendation to determinewhether, based on a current value of the client investment portfolio,the measured confidence is still within the predefined range; andre-performing the first performing and determining steps if the measuredconfidence is not still within the predefined range.